Chandrayaan-2 is the second lunar exploration mission developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), after Chandrayaan-1. It consists of a lunar orbiter, a lander, and the Pragyan rover, all of which were developed in India. The main scientific objective is to map and study the variations in lunar surface composition, as well as the location and abundance of lunar water.
The spacecraft was launched from the second launch pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Andhra Pradesh on 22 July 2019 at 09:13:12 UTC by a LVM3-M1 rocket. The craft reached the Moon's orbit on 20 August 2019 and began orbital positioning manoeuvres for the landing of the Vikram lander. The lander and the rover were scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° south on 6 September 2019.
However, the lander crashed when it deviated from its intended trajectory while attempting to land on 6 September 2019. According to a failure analysis report submitted to ISRO, the crash was caused by a software glitch. ISRO is re-attempting a landing with Chandrayaan-3 which was launched on 14 July 2023 and is expected to land near the lunar south pole region on 23 August 2023.
How it Failure happened
The Chandrayaan 2 mission began on 22 July 2019 at 2:51 am when the GSLV was launched from SHAR On 20 August 2019, the orbiter and lander Vikram approached the Moon and successfully entered the Moons Orbit after the first Lunar bound maneuver. After achieving successful orbital insertion, the spacecraft underwent from more lunar bound maneuvers to prepare for lander separation and lumar landing says the report.
The Vikram lander separated from the main bus orbiter on 6 September 2019 at 1:38 am and began its descent towards the lunar surface. Initially, all mission parameters were normal as the lander reached an altitude of over 2.1 km. However, at 1:53 am (15 minutes into the landing phase), communication with the lander was unexpectedly lost, resulting in the failure of the lunar landing, according to the report.
Following the search for the impact site, Chennai-based engineer Shanmuga Subramanian was the first to
report changes on the Lunar surface, leading to NASA's identification of the lander and its impact site. The
lander crashed at coordinates 70.8810'S, 22.7840°E, with an elevation of 834 m.
Queries
1] Why did Chandrayaan 2 mission fail?
ISRO's Chandrayaan-2 Mission failed in its lunar phase because its lander 'Vikram' crashed into the surface of the moon following anomalies in the braking system in the lander while attempting a soft landing on September 7, 2019.
1] Was Chandrayaan 2 hacked?
The malware was later identified as Dtrack and the officials at both these government agencies were informed about these security breaches on 4 September, two days before the scheduled Chandrayaan 2 moon landing attempt. Dtrack is malware that has been developed by a North Korean hacker group called Lazarus.
Hypotheses on possible causes for Lander failure:
1.Vibrations during the rough braking and powered descent phases might have dislodged or disconnected the power cord of the communication system or antenna, leading to the loss of communication from the ground
2. At the point of deviation in the trajectory graph, the thrusters might have been shut down or improperly fired, causing the spacecraft to lose control of its orientation and resulting in the lander crashing onto the lunar surface.
3. No indication of spacecraft power was observed during the descent phase. Therefore power depletion from either the battery or solar panels could have caused the spacecraft computer to shut down. subsequently cutting off thruster operation and communication. The lander is programmed to perform an automatic landing in the event of communication issues, which would have resulted in a safe and soft landing. However, given the crash of the lander, power depletion during the descent phase is suspected.
4. The depletion of spacecraft power could be attributed to the limited availability or minimal presence of solar irradiance in the south polar region of the Moon.
Conclusion
The report recommends that space organisations consider using Nuclear Thermoelectric Generators (NTG) or Radio otope Thermoelectric Generators (RTG) as secondary power sources and backup options for spacecraft destined for locations like the South Lunar Region or beyond Mars orbit. This is to mitigate the risks associated with power loss and battery depletion caused by limited availability of sunlight or solar irradiance Additionally, it suggests implementing a direct communication system for both lander and rover missions to interplanetary destinations. This would enable confirmation of the mission status even if one of the communication systems becomes impaired.
Also read - chandrayan -3
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